Introduction
Postpartum Depression refers to a major depressive episode that occurs during pregnancy or within the first year after childbirth. It can significantly impair a parent’s emotional well-being and daily functioning, and affect bonding with the newborn.
Causes
Postpartum depression likely results from an interplay of hormonal fluctuations, genetic vulnerability, psychological stress, history of depression or mood disorders, lack of social support, and the stresses and life changes accompanying pregnancy and new parenthood.
Types / Course
Postpartum depression can present as a single major depressive episode, or may be part of a pre-existing mood disorder (e.g., bipolar). It may appear any time during pregnancy or up to one year postpartum.
Symptoms
Symptoms are similar to major depression: persistent sadness, hopelessness, excessive guilt or worthlessness, fatigue, changes in appetite or sleep, difficulty concentrating, loss of interest, and possibly thoughts of harming oneself or the baby. There may also be difficulty bonding with the baby, withdrawal from family/friends, anxiety over caring for the infant, or feelings of inadequacy as a parent.
Treatment & Follow-Up
Treatment may include psychotherapy (e.g., CBT, interpersonal therapy), medication when appropriate (antidepressants — with careful consideration of breastfeeding, pregnancy status), and support networks (family, social work, peer support groups). Regular monitoring is key, especially given the demands of caring for a newborn. Early intervention can improve outcomes for parent and child.
