Introduction
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by differences in social communication and interaction, restricted or repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, and sensory-processing differences. Present from early childhood, ASD can influence how a person perceives and interacts with the world.
Causes
ASD arises from complex interactions of genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors. While exact causes vary, research supports strong genetic contributions, differences in brain development, and early neurodevelopmental influences.
Types / Spectrum
ASD is a spectrum — meaning presentation varies widely. Some individuals may be minimally verbal with high support needs; others may have average or above-average intelligence but struggle with social communication, sensory processing, or emotional regulation. Because of this variability, ASD encompasses a broad range of functioning levels and support needs.
Symptoms
Common features include challenges in social communication (difficulty understanding social cues, trouble with back-and-forth conversation, maintaining friendships), restricted/repetitive behaviors or interests (rigid routines, strong focus on certain subjects, repetitive movements), sensory sensitivities (over- or under-reactivity to sounds, lights, textures), difficulties in flexibility or adaptability, and sometimes co-occurring anxiety, depression, or OCD-like symptoms.
Treatment & Follow-Follow Up
While there is no “cure” for autism, interventions focus on supporting strengths, improving social communication and coping skills, managing sensory or behavioral challenges, and promoting quality of life. Treatment may include behavioral therapy, social skills training, occupational therapy, speech therapy, psychotherapy for co-occurring mental health issues, and support for families/caregivers.
Long-term support, access to resources, and regular follow-up are often necessary to address emerging needs, transitions (school, adulthood), and comorbid mental health conditions (anxiety, depression, OCD, etc.).
