ADHD

Introduction

Attention‑Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition commonly diagnosed in childhood, though many people continue to experience symptoms into adolescence and adulthood. It affects attention, impulse control, and activity levels, often interfering with school, work, relationships, and daily functioning.

Causes

ADHD does not have a single known cause — rather, research points to a combination of factors. Genetic influences are strong; differences in brain structure and activity, prenatal and early-life exposures, and possible hormonal or neurological factors all likely contribute.

Types

• Predominantly Inattentive Type — difficulty sustaining attention, easily distracted, trouble following through on tasks.
• Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type — restlessness, fidgeting, impulsive behavior, difficulty staying seated or quiet when expected.
• Combined Type — symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity.

Symptoms

Symptoms vary with age — in children, ADHD may show as difficulty focusing in class, careless mistakes, forgetfulness, being easily distracted, fidgeting, interrupting, difficulty waiting turn. In adolescents/adults, symptoms often manifest as trouble sustaining attention at work, disorganization, poor time management, impulsivity, restlessness, forgetfulness, and challenges with prioritization. Because ADHD often co-occurs with other conditions (e.g., anxiety, depression, sleep problems), it can sometimes be underdiagnosed or misinterpreted.

Treatment & Follow-Up

Treatments typically combine medication (when indicated) and psychosocial interventions. Evidence-based therapy (such as cognitive behavioral therapy, CBT), parent training and school-based interventions can support skill development. Non-medication approaches may include mindfulness, behavioral training, cognitive exercises, and structure/planning support.
Successful management often involves ongoing monitoring: evaluating response to treatment, adjusting medication or therapy plans as needed, and providing support for co-occurring conditions (e.g., anxiety or mood disorders).

You can also check out the following: Medication Management, Psychotherapy, Child Psychiatry & Adolescent Psychiatry, General Adult Psychiatry.